The polar regions, which are responsible for the climate of our planet, are undergoing drastic changes in their nature due to their high sensitivity to global change, which directly affects the climatic, oceanographic and environmental dynamics of extrapolar latitudes. This book aims to provide a comprehensive and multidisciplinary view of the state of knowledge of the Arctic and Antarctic regions: their geological evolution, the pressing problems of contamination in these territories, the characteristics of their various terrestrial and marine ecosystems, as well as the evolution, past and future, of the polar climate. The ultimate goal of this book is to explain, in a clear and entertaining way, the similarities and differences between the North and the South poles and to raise awareness about the changes they are undergoing due to global change.